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Evaluating R&D efficiency of China’s listed lithium battery enterprises

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 473-485 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0213-5

摘要： Promoting the growth of the lithium battery sector has been a critical aspect of China’s energy policy in terms of achieving carbon neutrality. However, despite significant support on research and development (R&D) investments that have resulted in increasing size, the sector seems to be falling behind in technological areas. To guide future policies and understand proper ways of promoting R&D efficiency, we looked into the lithium battery industry of China. Specifically, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used as the primary approach based on evidence from 22 listed lithium battery enterprises. The performance of the five leading players was compared with that of the industry as a whole. Results revealed little indication of a meaningful improvement in R&D efficiency throughout our sample from 2010 to 2019. However, during this period, a significant increase in R&D expenditure was witnessed. This finding was supported, as the results showed that the average technical efficiency of the 22 enterprises was 0.442, whereas the average pure technical efficiency was at 0.503, thus suggesting that they were suffering from decreasing returns to scale (DRS). In contrast, the performance of the five leading players seemed superior because their average efficiency scores were higher than the industry’s average. Moreover, they were experiencing increasing scale efficiency (IRS). We draw on these findings to suggest to policymakers that supporting technologically intensive sectors should be more than simply increasing investment scale; rather, it should also encompass assisting businesses in developing efficient managerial processes for R&D.

关键词： Data Envelopment Analysis R&D investment efficiency China’s listed lithium battery enterprises technical efficiency pure technical efficiency scale efficiency

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A data envelopment analysis of agricultural technical efficiency of Northwest Arid Areas in China

Yubao WANG, Lijie SHI, Haojie ZHANG, Shikun SUN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第2期页码 195-207 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017153

摘要： Severe resource shortage and waste of resource in agricultural production make it necessary to assess efficiency to increase productivity with high efficiency and ensure sustainable agricultural development. This paper adopted an input-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) method with the assumption of variable returns to scale to evaluate agricultural production efficiency of 100 major irrigation districts in Northwest China in 2010. Major findings of this paper were as follows: firstly, the average value of total technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of those irrigation districts in Northwest China were 0.770, 0.825 and 0.931, respectively; secondly, 30% of irrigation districts were technically efficient, while 42% and 32% of them showed pure technical and scale efficiency respectively. Among inefficient decision-making units, total technical efficiency score varied from 0.313 to 0.966, showing significant geographical differences, but geographical differences of pure technical efficiency was more consistent with that of total technical efficiency; thirdly, input redundancy was evident. Inputs of agricultural population, irrigation area, green water, blue water, consumption of fertilizer and agricultural machinery could be reduced by 34.88%, 40.19%, 43.85%, 47.10%, 41.53% and 42.21% respectively without reducing agricultural outputs. Furthermore, irrigation area, green water and blue water had relatively high slack movement though Northwest China which is short of water resources. Based on these results, this paper drew the following conclusions: First, there is huge potential for Northwest China to improve its agricultural production efficiency, and agro-technology not input scale had greater influence on improvement. Second, farmers needed proper guidance in order to reduce agricultural inputs and it is time to centralize agricultural management for overall agricultural inputs regulation and control.

关键词： agricultural production efficiency DEA model input redundancy irrigation districts Northwest Arid Areas in China

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Aerobic granulation of pure bacterial strain

ADAV Sunil S., LEE Duu-Jong

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 461-467 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0066-0

摘要： The objective of this study is to cultivate aerobic granules by pure bacterial strain, , in a sequencing batch reactor. Stable granules sized 2.0–2.2 mm were formed in the reactor after a five-week cultivation. These granules exhibited excellent settling attributes, and degraded phenol at rates of 1.49 and 1.19 g phenol/(g VSS·d) at 250 and 1500 mg/L of phenol concentration, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopic test results show that was distributed over the initial small aggregates, and the outer edge of the granule was away from the core regime in the following stage.

关键词： following excellent settling phenol/ sequencing microscopic

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Optimal design of steel portal frames based on genetic algorithms

CHEN Yue, HU Kai

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 318-322 doi: 10.1007/s11709-008-0055-1

摘要： As for the optimal design of steel portal frames, due to both the complexity of cross selections of beams and columns and the discreteness of design variables, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory results by traditional optimization. Based on a set of constraints of the Technical Specification for Light-weighted Steel Portal Frames of China, a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization program for portal frames, written in MATLAB code, was proposed in this paper. The graph user interface (GUI) is also developed for this optimal program, so that it can be used much more conveniently. Finally, some examples illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the genetic-algorithm-based optimal program.

关键词： satisfactory genetic-algorithm-based Technical Specification algorithm efficiency

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COMPARING PERFORMANCE OF CROP SPECIES MIXTURES AND PURE STANDS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第3期页码 481-489 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021413

摘要：

Intercropping is the planned cultivation of species mixtures on agricultural land. Intercropping has many attributes that make it attractive for developing a more sustainable agriculture, such as high yield, high resource use efficiency, lower input requirements, natural suppression of pests, pathogens and weeds, and building a soil with more organic carbon and nitrogen. Information is needed which species combinations perform best under different circumstances and which management is suitable to bring out the best from intercropping in a given production situation. The literature is replete with case studies on intercropping from across the globe, but evidence synthesis is needed to make this information accessible. Meta-analysis requires a careful choice of metric that is appropriate for answering the question at hand, and which lends itself for a robust meta-analysis. This paper reviews some metrics that may be used in the quantitative synthesis of literature data on intercropping.

关键词： intercropping species mixtures meta-analysis metrics indicators

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Photocatalytic degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pure water system

Min ZHANG,Jian LU,Yiliang HE,P Chris WILSON

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第2期页码 229-235 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0762-x

摘要： Due to the low water solubility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organic solvent is usually added into the oxidation system to enhance the removal efficiency. In this study the photocatalytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), a type of polybrominated diphenyl ether used throughout the world, in pure water without the addition of organic solvent was investigated. In the pure water system, BDE209 was not dissolved but dispersed as nano-scale particles with a mean diameter of 166 nm. Most of BDE209 (>98%) were removed within 4 h and the final debromination ratio was greater than 80%. Although the addition of organic solvent (tetrahydrofuran, THF) could lead to a relatively high BDE209 degradation rate, the final debromination ratio (<50%) was much lower than that in pure water system. Major oxidation intermediates of tetrahydrofuran, including tetrahydro-2-furanol and γ-butyrolactone, were detected indicating the engagement of THF in the BDE209 degradation process. The photocatalytic degradation of BDE209 in the pure water system followed first-order kinetics. The BDE209 degradation rate constant increased from 0.0011 to 0.0023 min as the pH increased from 3 to 9.

关键词： polybrominated diphenyl ethers photocatalytic degradation solvent

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Influence of the filler materials on flux-free brazing of pure aluminium (1050)

Kirsten BOBZIN, Lidong ZHAO, Thomas SCHLAEFER, Thomas WARDA,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第5卷第1期页码 47-51 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0079-9

摘要： In the present study, samples of pure aluminium (1050) were deposited by cold spraying with filler materials such as Al12Si, Al7Si, Al12Si-4%Cu, and the Al-Si-based filler material A, which was especially developed for flux-free brazing by the Surface Engineering Institute. Besides, pure Si powder was also sprayed. The coated samples were heat-treated under different conditions and were brazed under an argon atmosphere without fluxes or with the flux Nokolok by an induction heating system. The shear strength of the brazed joints was determined. The results show that the filler materials could be well deposited by cold spraying. A thin layer of brittle Si could also form due to the strong deformation of the substrate surface. The heat treatments showed that a very good metallurgical bond between the filler materials and the substrate could be realized by the deposition by cold spraying. The Al7Si deposited samples could not be brazed without fluxes under the given conditions. The samples deposited with other filler materials could be brazed without fluxes. The in-situ diffusion process made it possible to braze the Si-deposited samples at 580°C. The joints of the samples deposited with the filler material showed the highest shear strength of 41 MPa, whereas the values of the Al12Si and Si deposited samples were less than 20 MPa. The employment of the flux Nikolok significantly increased the shear strength of the Al12Si deposited samples to more than 53 MPa.

关键词： aluminium flux-free brazing cold spraying shear strength

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我国典型作物用水特征及现代农业灌溉技术模式

张宝忠, 彭致功, 雷波, 杜丽娟, 王蕾, 刘钰

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第5期页码 77-83 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.012

摘要：

理清农作物用水特征、灌溉技术模式、现代农业灌溉体系等问题，对提高农业用水效率和实现农业水资源持续利用具有重要现实意义。本文以我国综合农业分区为基础，重点以黄淮海小麦产区、东北水稻产区、长江中下游水稻产区、四川盆地水稻产区、内蒙古东部牧区、广西甘蔗产区及新疆棉花产区等为主要分区，分析了典型作物的灌溉制度特点与规律，筛选出优化技术模式，同时提出了现代农业灌溉的技术特点及政策保障体系。主要结论如下：①对各综合农业分区主要作物采用优化灌溉制度，保证作物缺水敏感期水分供应，节约灌溉水量，稳产同时提高水分生产率；②针对各综合分区特点及限制因素，筛选出先进节水技术模式并推广应用，确保优化灌溉制度精准实施，实现了区域农业综合生产能力提高；③为适应和支撑现代农业生产和经营体系，提出了基于信息技术的现代灌溉技术及其相应的融资机制、水权管理机制等政策保障体系。

关键词：灌溉需水量用水效率技术模式现代农业

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The solubility of cefquinome sulfate in pure and mixed solvents

Rongbao Qi,Jingkang Wang,Junxiao Ye,Hongxun Hao,Ying Bao

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第2期页码 245-254 doi: 10.1007/s11705-016-1569-z

摘要： Solid-liquid equilibrium data of cefquinome sulfate is important to develop industrial crystallization processes for cefquinome sulfate. The solubilities of cefquinome sulfate in five pure solvents (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, acetic acid and water) from 277.15 to 305.15 K and in a binary acetone-water solvent from 278.15 to 293.15 K were measured at atmospheric pressure. The pure-solvent solubility data was correlated to the modified Apelblat and Van’t Hoff equations whereas the mixed-solvent system data was correlated to the modified Apelblat, Van’t Hoff, CNIBS/R-K and Jouyban-Acree models. It was found that the solubilities of cefquinome sulfate in all tested solvents decreased with the increasing of temperature. In addition, the thermodynamic properties of the dissolution processes, including standard Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes, were calculated using the Van’t Hoff equation. It was found that the dissolution of cefquinome sulfate is exothermic.

关键词： cefquinome sulfate solubility thermodynamic properties

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Optimization of WEDM process of pure titanium with multiple performance characteristics using Taguchi

Rupesh CHALISGAONKAR, Jatinder KUMAR

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第8卷第2期页码 201-214 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0256-8

摘要：

This paper describes the development of multi response optimization technique using utility method to predict and select the optimal setting of machining parameters in wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) process. The experimental studies in WEDM process were conducted under varying experimental conditions of process parameters, such as pulse on time(T_on), pulse off time(T_off), peak current (IP), wire feed (WF), wire tension (WT) and servo voltage (SV) using pure titanium as work material. Experiments were planned using Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array. Multi response optimization was performed for both cutting speed (CS) and surface roughness (SR) using utility concept to find out the optimal process parameter setting. The level of significance of the machining parameters for their effect on the CS and SR was determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Finally, confirmation experiment was performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal condition.

关键词： wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) Taguchi method analysis of variance (ANOVA) utility concept cutting speed (CS) surface roughness (SR)

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Recycling of heat discharged from bearing quenching

WEN Xin-lin, CI Tie-jun, ZHANG Rong-ying, WEN Peng

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2006年第1卷第4期页码 472-474 doi: 10.1007/s11465-006-0062-7

摘要： In this paper, the technical method of cooling quench medium with air-cooler in the process of bearing quenching is introduced. The exhausted hot air is directly used to dry bearing balls. It is a novel approach for full utilization of heat energy during heat treatment, which increased 30 % of the heat efficiency when compared with normal air-cooler methods that directly put exhaust air into atmosphere.

关键词： process utilization technical efficiency atmosphere

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新时期我国重型燃气轮机发展研究

束国刚,余春华,沈国华,何皑,王召锋,王晓博

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第6期页码 184-192 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.06.017

摘要：

重型燃气轮机是动力强国的标志性装备之一，事关国家能源安全与供给水平；随着相关国家科技重大专项的深入实施，碳达峰、碳中和战略目标的引领驱动，开展新时期重型燃气轮机发展研究具有紧迫性。本文在梳理国际重型燃气轮机技术、产品、行业发展经验的基础上，立足我国重型燃气轮机领域的阶段性进展，凝练了行业高质量发展面临的突出问题，阐述了先进材料与智能制造、灵活燃料低污染燃烧、高效气动与先进冷却、系统智能测控与运维、新型高效发电系统等重型燃气轮机技术发展方向。着眼2050年前的阶段发展目标，提出了政策法规、运行机制、行业体制、企业改革等燃气轮机行业发展与改革建议，以期为重型燃气轮机行业高质量发展、国家能源动力中长期发展规划等研究提供基础性参考和先导性内容。

《一、前言》

一、前言

重型燃气轮机是21世纪能源高效转换与洁净利用系统的核心动力装备，因其设计、制造难度极大而成为一个国家工业水平的集中体现，具有技术密集度高、产业带动面广、军民结合属性强等特点。受核心技术门槛高、产业规模化发展、市场竞争历史性因素的作用，国际上形成了行业巨头高度垄断的重型燃气轮机技术与行业发展格局。

20世纪50年代，发电工业引入了燃气轮机；随着世界范围内天然气资源的开发利用，重型燃气轮机在发电领域得到全面应用 [1,2]。目前，世界先进水平的重型燃气轮机，简单循环功率达到593 MW，联合循环效率大于64%；随着可再生能源、储能等技术的发展以及控制碳排放的需要，氢（氨）燃气轮机技术开发成为潮流 [3]，预计2030年可实现重型燃气轮机兼容100%氢燃料。我国电力行业对重型燃气轮机产品需求迫切，在最为重要的清洁发电方向，2021年气电总装机容量为1.086×10⁸ kW（占电源总装机容量的4.6%），气电发电量为2.834×10¹¹ kW·h（占发电总量的3.4%），2025年前预计新增气电装机容量3.2×10⁷ kW [4]。在碳达峰、碳中和战略目标提出后，能源消费清洁低碳化进程将进一步加快，电力也将占据能源体系的主导地位，相关发展任务艰巨 [5,6]。

进入21世纪后，我国积极开展重型燃气轮机的研制并取得了一系列突破 [7]。前期通过打捆招标、以市场换技术等形式，推动国内制造企业与国外燃气轮机公司合作，引进了部分重型燃气轮机制造技术，实现了入股国外燃气轮机公司以寻求技术突破；部分企业在中小功率燃气轮机研制方面开展了自主投入 [8]。但整体来看，在役重型燃气轮机绝大部分为国外产品的格局并未打破 [9]；由于对重型燃气轮机核心技术掌握不足、没有适配的部件和软件用于更换升级，国内企业甚至不具备在役重型燃气轮机的维修能力；行业可持续发展面临潜在的“卡脖子”风险，制约了发电装备、高端制造业的发展水平。

在新时期科技强国战略指引下，我国重型燃气轮机行业进入了自主研制、创新发展、战略转型的关键阶段，以首台国产重型燃气轮机产品的制造和装配为代表。重型燃气轮机行业自主创新发展，不再是产品仿制、跟随式发展，而需坚持技术体系化发展与正向突破，筑牢领域技术基础并提升创新能力，实现产品全生命周期的效能提升以及匹配的市场化保障条件。这对重型燃气轮机相关的技术体系及研究基础提出了新的更高要求。

本文立足我国重型燃气轮机行业发展的新阶段，总结国际经验，梳理自主研究进展，剖析发展面临的问题，阐述重点技术发展方向，论证提出面向2050年的分阶段发展目标以及发展途径与保障措施建议，以期为行业高质量发展研究提供基础参考。

《二、重型燃气轮机行业的国际发展经验》

二、重型燃气轮机行业的国际发展经验

着眼重型燃气轮机行业的数十年发展历程，标杆性的企业集中分布于美国、德国、日本、意大利，因而这四国也是公认的重型燃气轮机动力强国。例如，通用电气公司、西门子能源公司、三菱重工业股份有限公司、安萨尔多能源公司主导了世界重型燃气轮机的研发、设计、生产和销售，相应产品的国际市场总占比超过95% [10,11]。就相关国家及企业的发展历程开展梳理，总成形成四方面的经验启示。

《（一）装备与产业方面》

（一）装备与产业方面

动力强国形成了完备的重型燃气轮机自主研制能力，主导了国际重型燃气轮机市场，在技术、产品、产业方面的比较优势鲜明 [12~15]。① 重型燃气轮机全产业链完整，在支撑国民经济建设、保障能源需求方面发挥了重要作用，对世界能源市场具有很大的影响力。② 重型燃气轮机产业体系完整、能力齐备，具备自主循环和再生能力，产业效率、人均产值达到较高水平，能够依靠业务循环实现产业增长及升级。③ 重型燃气轮机自主研制能力齐备，能提供本国所需的大部分类型燃气轮机，产品性能具有国际先进水平，研发流程较为成熟。④ 重型燃气轮机技术研发体系分工合理、衔接高效，具备持续开展技术创新和转化应用的能力及途径，在部分技术方向形成特色和优势。⑤ 支撑重型燃气轮机产业可持续发展的资源基础齐备，涵盖高等教育、人才培养、能力建设、资金投入等方面。

《（二）政策法规方面》

（二）政策法规方面

重型燃气轮机具有极高的经济和军事价值，动力强国长期将之列为国家高科技战略产品，注重发挥政策法规的引导作用，驱动产业稳健发展。以立法形式确立重型燃气轮机行业的关键地位，提供必要的科研资金支持和首台（套）政策，推动燃气轮机技术攻关、燃气轮机产业升级的行动计划，如综合高性能涡轮发动机技术计划、先进透平系统计划、先进燃气轮机合作计划（美国），新日光计划、煤气化联合循环动力系统（日本）。持续性地投入基础研究资源，建成重型燃气轮机可持续发展的能力条件，促进领域技术体系稳步提升 [4]，支撑了燃气轮机产品的系列化发展和市场竞争力提升。

《（三）体制机制方面》

（三）体制机制方面

动力强国的优势企业，针对重型燃气轮机的技术特点并与长期实践经验相结合，形成了科学合理而又各显特色的重型燃气轮机研制发展程序；按照预先研究、型号研制、使用发展3个主要阶段梯次开展产品研制和生产，在各阶段均衡实施组织管理与经费投入。较早建立了相对完善的重型燃气轮机科研体系，形成了符合重型燃气轮机装备发展规律的高效管理体系；政府、制造商、用户三方紧密联系，共同构建了高效集约的科研基础设施条件，为产品研制、行业持续发展提供了保障。此外，政府在制定重型燃气轮机发展规划过程中，组织制造商、大学、科研单位参与各类技术发展项目，同时推动新产品、新技术在应用企业中开展示范运行。

《（四）企业管理方面》

（四）企业管理方面

动力强国形成了与技术、产品相匹配的重型燃气轮机产业规模，注重引导产业结构依据国家级战略进行调整和优化。在组织本国企业参与市场竞争的过程中，根据国家战略和社会发展需求，较多采取政府引导的方式，梳理技术研发、产品研制的资源及能力要求，推动燃气轮机企业兼并重组和有序竞争，保持企业规模与技术及产品的匹配性。企业则聚焦市场需求，运用优势技术，围绕核心“母机”开发系列化的重型燃气轮机产品；积极改善管理水平，合理降低产品成本并提高市场竞争力。

《三、我国重型燃气轮机行业的新进展与面临的挑战》

三、我国重型燃气轮机行业的新进展与面临的挑战

《（一）我国重型燃气轮机行业的新进展》

（一）我国重型燃气轮机行业的新进展

在新时期科技强国战略指引和重大资源保障下，国家电力投资集团公司联合上海电气集团股份有限公司、中国东方电气集团有限公司、哈尔滨电气集团有限公司，成立了中国联合重型燃气轮机技术有限公司；发挥新型举国体制优势，强化科研工程化理念，与全产业链创新执行、协同共进，展开了国产新型重型燃气轮机的工程研制，初步建成了支撑重型燃气轮机自主创新的综合体系。

一是设计体系。结合系统工程理论、集成产品开发理念，着力开展重型燃气轮机的设计要素建设，覆盖各专业的核心设计软件、流程、准则、规范、数据库等；针对产品全生命周期，构建了重型燃气轮机领域首个端到端的自主产品结构化开发流程，统领了产品研制全过程。

二是材料体系。基于数字化管理平台共建重型燃气轮机材料数据库，制定了材料测试、质量评估、数据处理等规范，初步形成国内首个重型燃气轮机材料数据库，支撑了型号产品的正向开发。

三是制造体系。在高难、重大装备研制方面，践行关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制，消化吸收了技术集成、实物构造一体化（AE）理念 [16]，建立了科研与产业化贯通、技术集成与实物构造一体化的新型组织形式——自主重型燃气轮机AE平台（见图1）。

《图1》

图1 自主重型燃气轮机AE平台

四是试验验证体系。加强技术研究并注重实践经验固化，形成了重型燃气轮机系统 / 部件 / 零部件级的试验规范、标准、数据库，基本掌握了试验设计技术，建成了正向研发中关键技术攻关的试验验证体系。凝聚全产业链资源，对已有燃气轮机试验台架开展适应性改造，启动建设新型试验台架及试验电站，努力发展具有国际先进水平的重型燃气轮机试验验证基地。

五是运维体系。梳理燃气轮机电厂整体运维需求，在设计阶段即充分考虑重型燃气轮机的可运维性；挖掘在役机组的运维经验，将商业机组运维过程中遇到的问题经整理后反馈至设计环节；基于数字孪生技术，构建重型燃气轮机实时监测、智能诊断、寿命预测一体化智慧运维能力。

《（二）我国重型燃气轮机行业高质量发展面临的挑战》

（二）我国重型燃气轮机行业高质量发展面临的挑战

与新时期国家提出的重型燃气轮机行业高质量发展要求相比，近年来虽有重大进步，但受限于历史基础薄弱、试验设施缺乏、研制投入过高等因素，依然面临诸多挑战。

一是体制机制有待进一步完善。由于历史原因，重型燃气轮机行业分散，与重型燃气轮机发展相关的主管部门、地方政府、电网企业、用户单位、制造企业之间存在沟通不畅和利益博弈现象，导致资源投入集中度不足，政策与资金的长期连续支持存在风险；可能影响重型燃气轮机行业的发展节奏，不利于充分发挥对基础工业的牵引与辐射作用。

二是设计体系不健全。通过国际合作、自主研发的同步进行，初步建成了重型燃气轮机自主设计体系，但与型号自主设计、产品创新发展的要求还有不小差距，有待在研制过程中通过长期考核验证。国内在设计数据库、材料数据库、试验数据库、结构可靠的图库等方面积累不够丰富，核心技术相关的设计软件也未经充分验证和适应性改进。

三是基础研究不扎实。长期以来，重型燃气轮机的发展存在“重产品型号、轻基础研究”情况，没有完整走通重型燃气轮机的研制过程。对基础研究重视程度明显不足，弱化了燃气轮机相关的基础理论水平和技术攻关潜力，使得领域技术突破长期滞后、驱动关键技术提升的基础动力不强，最终表现为自主研发能力不充分。

四是工业基础虽有改善但薄弱环节依然存在。重型燃气轮机的技术水平与材料、冶金、机械制造、试验、测量等行业直接关联。我国虽然在高温材料研制、燃气轮机核心部件加工工艺、长寿命轴承等方面有所进步，但距离世界先进水平还有不小的差距；重型燃气轮机自主研制所需的基础性试验、部件模化试验、部件验证试验、整机试验、考核试验等试验验证条件没有完全建成。全面开展重型燃气轮机自主研制工作处于起步阶段，工业基础相对薄弱导致重型燃气轮机行业竞争力不强，即行业格局相对分散，以市场竞争驱动的整合程度不够，综合能力与总体规模均较弱 [17~20]；国内企业在世界重型燃气轮机产业链中主要是初级的冷端部件供应商，未能进入利润率较高的燃烧室和热端部件供应环节，使得我国气电机组的生产、运行、维护等核心环节长期依赖国外供应商。

五是专业技术人才供给不足。近10年来重型燃气轮机行业从业人员数量逐步增长，但队伍整体年轻，缺乏完整的“传帮带”过程，加之包括产品设计在内的综合体系不完善，关键的设计经验未能有效继承。技术队伍中的很多青年人没有经历“设计、生产、试验、应用、改进完善”的研制全过程，相应的基础研究、方案设计、试验验证等能力亟待增强。技术人员综合素质不能完全满足重型燃气轮机行业创新发展的要求，而高端人才、领军人物更是稀缺，这是制约我国重型燃气轮机行业发展水平的主要因素之一。

《四、我国重型燃气轮机技术发展方向》

四、我国重型燃气轮机技术发展方向

《（一）技术发展预测》

（一）技术发展预测

就工作原理而言，重型燃气轮机是一种高速旋转的叶轮机械，通过压缩、加热、膨胀、放热4个热力过程将燃料的化学能以及流体动能转换为动力；燃气初温、压气机压比是影响燃气轮机效率的主要因素。一方面，燃气轮机朝着极限效率、经济可靠、超长寿命的方向发展，这就需要更高的燃气初温、更高的部件效率、更好的结构可靠性；一般认为，燃烧、结构材料与涂层、增材制造、热管理、高保真综合仿真与验证试验、先进热力学循环、系统集成与优化、基于状态的运行与维护、数字孪生及相应基础设施是未来的研究重点。随着碳达峰、碳中和战略目标的提出，净零排放、灵活燃料燃气轮机快速发展，要求燃气轮机具有更强的掺氢、纯氢燃料适应性，更宽的负荷调节适应性，更低的污染物排放性能；与之对应，燃料系统、燃烧室等部件的材料及制造工艺、新型燃烧室设计等成为亟待解决的关键技术问题。

本研究开展的重型燃气轮机技术发展预测，一方面依据国家能源发展战略，立足新型电力系统与先进燃气轮机装备发展的重大需求，瞄准世界能源科技发展前沿，把握先进燃气轮机技术发展趋势；另一方面按照目标导向、需求导向、问题导向相结合原则，对接重大战略并承接重大任务，规划新时期重型燃气轮机发展途径，推动相关学科交叉与融合。论证提出了“极限效率、净零排放、灵活燃料、经济可靠”的重型燃气轮机发展目标，相应技术发展预测涵盖先进材料与智能制造、灵活燃料低污染燃烧、高效气动与先进冷却、系统智能测控与运维、新型高效发电系统等5大研究方向、22个重点任务（见图2）。相关研究旨在辨明重型燃气轮机领域重大科学问题、能源转型涉及装备的复杂工程问题，更好突破领域“卡脖子”关键技术，支持构建多元协同的先进燃气轮机技术体系，尽快转化形成达到国际先进水平的自主创新能力，推动重型燃气轮机行业健康发展并助力构建新型电力系统。

《图2》

图2 我国重型燃气轮机技术发展预测

《（二）重点技术方向分析》

（二）重点技术方向分析

《1. 先进材料与智能制造》

1. 先进材料与智能制造

以热端部件为重点研究对象，开展材料与制造技术攻关，为提高燃气轮机透平进口温度、提升燃气轮机效率提供必要的材料与制造基础。主要包括先进合金与涂层、先进陶瓷基复合材料（CMC）、智能制造及修复技术、结构完整性评估与真实服役环境寿命预测、燃气轮机材料体系及数据库建设，筑牢系列关键核心技术突破的材料基础。

《2. 灵活燃料低污染燃烧》

2. 灵活燃料低污染燃烧

以先进燃气轮机的燃烧系统为重点研究对象，开展灵活燃料低污染燃烧技术攻关，解决燃烧相关的一系列科学问题，掌握新型燃烧技术与方法，为实现先进燃气轮机灵活燃料低污染燃烧提供理论与工程支撑。主要包括灵活燃料火焰稳定原理与燃烧振荡控制技术、灵活燃料NO生成机理与控制技术、掺氢 / 纯氢燃料燃烧组织方法与喷嘴增材制造、纳米气泡强化氨水雾化技术、适用新型高效动力循环的增压燃烧组织方法、数字化氢燃料燃烧室建模及仿真。

《3. 高效气动与先进冷却》

3. 高效气动与先进冷却

以先进燃气轮机气动循环系统、冷却系统为重点研究对象，开展高效气动与先进冷却技术研究，为透平系统高效稳定运行提供技术支撑。主要包含高效气动与结构完整性设计技术、透平高效气 / 热 / 固耦合设计、全尺寸压气机非定常测试技术、先进冷却综合设计及匹配、高水蒸气含量环境下透平冷却技术、CMC高效冷却构型设计。

《4. 系统智能测控与运维》

4. 系统智能测控与运维

以先进燃气轮机控制系统与试验测试、数字化及智能化为重点研究对象，开展燃气轮机系统智能测控与运维研究，为整机系统的安全、高效、经济运行确立技术基础，也为燃气轮机系统研制提供试验与测试能力保障。主要包括智能传感与检测技术、燃气轮机智能控制技术及系统、燃气轮机全生命周期健康管理技术。

《5. 新型高效发电系统》

5. 新型高效发电系统

以新型高效发电系统为研究对象，结合中长期技术发展趋势，针对新型燃料（如氢气、氨、合成气、乙醇等生物质燃料）开展燃烧技术研究。新型燃料的生产、储存、再发电是未来新型电力系统的关键构成，相关的系统集成技术及优化将提高能源效率和无碳经济效益。主要包括基于可再生能源的“电 ‒ 氢 ‒ 电”系统、液化空气储能热力系统、电解水制氢与合成氨系统、燃气轮机再发电系统以及系统匹配与集成、新型燃烧技术、已有燃气轮机结构的重新布置与优化。

《五、我国重型燃气轮机行业发展目标与建议》

五、我国重型燃气轮机行业发展目标与建议

《（一）行业发展目标》

（一）行业发展目标

到2025年，F级重型燃气轮机产品完成自主研制并进入市场，G/H级重型燃气轮机关键技术获得突破；初步完成重型燃气轮机整机运行维护技术和经验积累，充分开展工业应用考核，据此优化系统设计方案、联合循环系统参数，推动产品批产及批量应用。

到2035年，自主品牌的重型燃气轮机形成产品系列，基本满足我国燃气轮机发电市场需求；全面建成基于数字化、网络化、智能化集成平台的重型燃气轮机研发体系，龙头企业进入世界重型燃气轮机厂商第一方阵；建立以龙头公司为核心、社会力量和资本深度参与的供应商体系，形成优势互补、高集聚度的区域性产业集群。

到2050年，新一代重型燃气轮机完成自主研制并批量生产，燃氢 / 氨、储能等新概念重型燃气轮机实现产品化与产业化；国产重型燃气轮机种类覆盖齐全，性能达到世界先进水平，相应的自主创新研发体系进入世界前列；形成具备完整产业链结构、深度参与全球市场合作的行业能力，劳动生产率及利润率与国际优势企业相当，进入世界重型燃气轮机强国行列。

《（二）行业发展建议》

（二）行业发展建议

《1. 政策法规》

1. 政策法规

进一步提升重型燃气轮机在国家产业发展中的地位，可采取立法的形式保护并促进重型燃气轮机自主创新发展，将重型燃气轮机行业作为国家能源战略的一部分给予长期稳定支持。

一是提升重型燃气轮机产业链创新能力。完善国家及地方层面的研发激励机制，推动技术、人才、资本等要素向重型燃气轮机行业集聚。适时成立国家层面的重型燃气轮机产业基金，规范运用股权投资、资本运作等市场化手段并保持一定的灵活性，为产业链相关企业的技术创新活动提供必要的资金支持。

二是强化重型燃气轮机产业链协同。立足产业链各企业、各地域的比较优势，以国家产业政策、地方区域规划等形式引导形成有效分工、有序集聚的产业发展态势。充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，探索建立利益分享与风险共担机制，引导关联企业打破信任壁垒、开展深度协作，促成聚合、融合、耦合，尽量释放产业链上的倍增效应。

三是保障重型燃气轮机行业可持续发展。加强针对重型燃气轮机的产业扶持和市场支持力度，合理运用市场保护、财政补贴、税收减免等方式，鼓励燃气轮机发电企业优先采用国产重型燃气轮机。持续积累运行数据并优化产品性能，促进国产重型燃气轮机的规模化使用，提升重型燃气轮机行业的综合竞争力，为积极参与国际市场竞争筑牢基础。

《2. 运行机制》

2. 运行机制

一是加强重大项目管理，保障顶层设计、改革创新、关键任务落实。产业规划、行业管理部门宜加强燃气发电及其他燃气轮机应用项目的审批及监管，促成项目建设方案与重型燃气轮机自主化要求的协调匹配；加强对重型燃气轮机设备制造项目的审批及监管，防止技术重复引进、产能盲目扩张；建立和运用重型燃气轮机运行监管系统，精准支持自主技术装备的示范和推广。

二是支持关键能力建设，提升核心部件的制造水平和试验能力。高效利用先进制造产业投资基金、国家新兴产业创业投资引导基金，研究采用政府和社会资本合作（PPP）模式建立燃气轮机产业发展基金，支持关联各方在防范风险的基础上进行合作机制、投融资模式革新。综合应用投资补贴、贷款贴息、低息贷款、债券、租赁、证券等形式，为重型燃气轮机关键技术攻关、制造条件升级、试验能力提升、运维服务能力构建等提供直接支持。对承担国家燃气轮机关键技术装备示范任务的项目给予贷款、保险、融资等支持，鼓励民营企业、社会资本参与产品研制及工程应用。

三是组织示范工程，由此承担国产重型燃气轮机的示范试验和推广应用任务。结合重型燃气轮机运行 / 维护 / 服务需求，组织开展重型燃气轮机运行 / 维护 / 服务的自主化示范；示范项目在示范试验阶段可享受项目运行考核等优惠支持政策。对于首台（套）示范项目，优先保障气源供应及相关配套条件；运行调度管理部门、电网企业应确保示范项目顺利接入电网，建立符合燃气发电机组特性的市场化调度运行机制，保障示范项目的充足运行时间。

《3. 行业体制》

3. 行业体制

加强对国产重型燃气轮机的市场支持力度。① 鼓励国内企业优先使用国产重型燃气轮机，选择国内制造商作为燃气轮机维修维护第三方服务商；给予一定的定向补贴，促进国产重型燃气轮机尽快规模化应用，以积累应用数据并提升国产重型燃气轮机的综合水平。② 提高自主创新企业与自主创新技术的市场份额，鼓励发电企业应用国产化技术，将燃气轮机创新发展示范项目制度化，利用有限的示范项目容量来在最大程度地推动自主化。③ 结合“一带一路”倡议的推进实施，配套包含融资在内的优惠政策，将国产重型燃气轮机积极投放海外市场，提高国际市场竞争力。

加强对重型燃气轮机的产业扶持力度。① 给予多元化资金支持，以中央 / 地方财政、社会资本等形式对重型燃气轮机行业给予适度扶持。② 鼓励产业链上相关企业积极支持国产重型燃气轮机的研发与制造，提高充分国产化的空间。③ 对于因国内供应能力不足而依赖进口或独家供应的研制设备、部分关键部件及原材料，合理制定采购计划，设立绿色通道，保障阶段性发展需求。

《4. 企业改革》

4. 企业改革

为推进动力强国战略，应构建贯通科研与产业化的重型燃气轮机工程技术创新体系，高效集聚产业链细分资源，建立自主产品正向开发流程，攻克以材料为代表的关键核心技术，培育自主可控的试验试制能力；强化企业的创新主体地位，围绕重型燃气轮技术组建国家战略科技力量，构建“产学研用”协同，创新链、产业链、价值链融通的重型燃气轮机创新生态。

研制具有国际市场竞争力的重型燃气轮机产品，完善全流程设计体系并提升自主研发核心竞争力；扩充核心部件制造能力，增建全生命周期试验考核能力，推动重型燃气轮机产品系列化发展。汇聚行业优势资源，以市场化应用为导向，提升重型燃气轮机产业链、供应链的现代化水平。

对标国际标杆企业，推动重型燃气轮机企业管理制度改革。深化企业AE管理模式应用，提升重大工程组织管理能力，由设计单位牵头、制造企业参与，聚焦最终产品目标，贯穿工程设计、整机成套、整机安装、整机调试与运维各环节；通过设计主导、系统集成、资源整合、组织协同，形成“项目式、矩阵型”新型组织管理模式，精准高效地实现产品与服务交付。

《六、结语》

六、结语

我国重型燃气轮机装备与行业的重大突破是系统性的。一方面，需要科研院所、高校、创新中心、动力集团、制造企业之间的大力协同，联合开展关键核心技术攻关；另一方面，需要兼顾研发设计的可制造性、成本效益的商业利益，以契合市场需求、获得客户认可信任为最终目标。

坚持科研工程化理念，运用构建的自主重型燃气轮机AE平台，完整走通首台重型燃气轮机的全生命周期过程（涵盖研发、设计、安装、调试、运维等）；提高重型燃气轮机产业链、创新链的整体效能，实现新时期重型燃气轮机行业高质量发展，支撑国家新型能源体系建设。

关键词：重型燃气轮机技术体系技术方向高效发电动力强国

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Dielectric barrier micro-plasma reactor with segmented outer electrode for decomposition of pure CO

Baowei Wang, Xiaoxi Wang, Bo Zhang

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期页码 687-697 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-1974-1

摘要： Four coaxial cylinder dielectric barrier discharge micro-plasma reactors were designed for the non-catalytic decomposition of pure CO into CO and O at low temperature and ambient pressure. The influence of segmented outer electrodes on the electrical characteristics and the reaction performance was investigated. Experimental results indicated that the introduction of segmented outer electrodes can significantly promote the decomposition of CO . Encouragingly, the highest conversion of 13.1% was obtained at an applied voltage of 18 kV, which was a substantial increase of 39.4% compared to the traditional device. Compared with other types of dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactors, the proposed segmented outer electrode micro-plasma reactor can give a higher CO conversion and acceptable energy efficiency. The increase in conversion can be attributed mainly to the enhanced corona discharge caused by the fringe effect at electrode edges, the increase in energy density and the increase in the number of micro-discharges. In addition, detailed electrical characterization was performed to reveal some trends in the electrical behavior of proposed reactors.

关键词： CO₂ decomposition dielectric barrier discharge segmented outer electrodes electrical analysis reactor design

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Achieving High Strength and Tensile Ductility in Pure Nickel by Cryorolling with Subsequent Low-Temperature

Zhide Li,Hao Gu,Kaiguang Luo,Charlie Kong,Hailiang Yu,

《工程（英文）》 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.01.019

摘要： ty. In this study, cryorolling under different strains followed by low-temperature short-time annealing was used to fabricate pure nickel sheets combining high strength with good ductility. The results show that, for different cryorolling strains, the uniform elongation was greatly increased without sacrificing the strength after annealing. A yield strength of 607 MPa and a uniform elongation of 11.7% were obtained after annealing at a small cryorolling strain (ε = 0.22), while annealing at a large cryorolling strain (ε = 1.6) resulted in a yield strength of 990 MPa and a uniform elongation of 6.4%. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) were used to characterize the microstructure of the specimens and showed that the high strength could be attributed to strain hardening during cryorolling, with an additional contribution from grain refinement and the formation of dislocation walls. The high ductility could be attributed to annealing twins and micro-shear bands during stretching, which improved the strain hardening capacity. The results show that the synergistic effect of strength and ductility can be regulated through low-temperature short-time annealing with different cryorolling strains, which provides a new reference for the design of future thermo-mechanical processes.

关键词： Cryorolling Annealing Nickel Strain hardening Ductility

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Removing polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pure water using Fe/Pd bimetallic nanoparticles

Min ZHANG,Jian LU,Zhencheng XU,Yiliang HE,Bo ZHANG,Song JIN,Brian BOMAN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第5期页码 832-839 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0778-x

摘要： Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as fire-retardants. Due to their high production volume, widespread usage, and environmental persistence, PBDEs have become ubiquitous contaminants in various environments.Nanoscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) is an effective reductant for many halogenated organic compounds. To enhance the degradation efficiency, ZVI/Palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (nZVI/Pd) were synthesized in this study to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) in water. Approximately 90% of BDE209 was rapidly removed by nZVI/Pd within 80 min, whereas about 25% of BDE209 was removed by nZVI. Degradation of BDE209 by nZVI/Pd fits pseudo-first-order kinetics. An increase in pH led to sharply decrease the rate of BDE209 degradation. The degradation rate constant in the treatment with initial pH at 9.0 was more than 6.8 × higher than that under pH 5.0. The degradation intermediates of BDE209 by nZVI/Pd were identified and the degradation pathways were hypothesized. Results from this study suggest that nZVI/Pd may be an effective tool for treating polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water.

关键词： degradation bimetallic nanoparticles nanoscale zero-valent iron polybrominated diphenyl ethers